Cotton, Contaminated? (Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, India, Feb-2008)
Looks at contamination from GM cotton in India

( 1.0 Mo) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=402)

Economic Comparison of Transgenic and Nontransgenic Cotton Production Systems in Georgia, USA (P. Jost, D. Shurley, S. Culpepper, P. Roberts, R. Nicholsc, J. Reevesc and S. Anthony - Agronomy Journal 100:42-51 (2008), Feb-2008)
Questions the contribution of transgenics to revenue for cotton farmers in the USA.

(644 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=401)

India: Bt cotton devastated by secondary pests (Bhaskar Goswami and Indo-Asian News Agency, Sep-2007)
Two articles on how the mealy bug is devastating Bt cotton in India.

Farmyard truths and industry lies (AP Coalition in Defence of Diversity, Jul-2007)
AP Coalition in Defence of Diversity responds to claims made by the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India about the benefits of Bt cotton.

(306 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=397)

A Disaster in Search of Success - Bt Cotton in Global South (DDS Community Media Trust, Jul-2007)
A group of Indian farmer-filmmakers, all women, travel to Mali, South Africa and Indonesia to document the experiences of other farmers with cultivating Bt cotton. Available from IIED.

Cotton Concentration Report: An assessment of Monsanto's proposed acquisition of Delta & Pine Land (Bill Freese, Centre for Food Safety, International Center for Technology Assessment, Jul-2007) (766 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=394)

A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Bt Cotton and Maize on Nontarget Invertebrates (Michelle Marvier, Chanel McCreedy, James Regetz, Peter Kareiva - Science, Vol. 316. no. 5830, pp. 1475 - 1477, Jun-2007) (141 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=395)

Performance of Bt cotton (MECH-162) under Integrated Pest Management in (O. M. Bambawale, Amerika Singh, O. P. Sharma, B. B. Bhosle, R. C., May-2007)

(46 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=392)

Impact of Bt cotton adoption on pesticide use by smallholders: A 2-year (Jean-Luc Hofs, Michel Fok, and Maurice Vaissayre: Crop Protection 25:9, September 2006, pp. 984-988), Jan-2007) (130 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=386)

Bt Cotton: The facts behind the hype (GRAIN, Jan-2007)

False hopes, festering failures: Bt cotton in Andhra Pradesh 2005-2006 (Abdul Qayum & Kiran Sakhari, Nov-2006) (735 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=384)

Can the Poor Help GM Crops? Technology, Representation & Cotton in the Makhathini Flats, South Africa (Harald Witt, Rajeev Patel & Matthew Schnurr, Review of African Political Economy No.109:497-513, 2006, Oct-2006) (256 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=376)

Tarnishing Silver Bullets: Bt Technology Adoption, Bounded Rationality and the Outbreak of Secondary Pest Infestations in China (Shenghui Wang, David Just, Jul-2006)
"Seven years after the initial commercialization of Bt cotton in China, we show that total pesticide expenditure for Bt cotton farmers in China is nearly equal to that of their conventional counterparts, about $101 per hectare. Bt farmers in 2004 on the average, have to spray pesticide 18.22 times, which are more than 3 times higher compared with 6 times pesticide spray in 1999. Detailed information on pesticide expenditures reveals that, though Bt farmers saved 46% Bollworm pesticide relative to non-Bt farmers, they spend 40% more on pesticides designed to kill an emerging secondary pest. These secondary pests (one example is Mirid) was rarely found in the field prior to the adoption of Bt cotton, presumably kept in check by bollworm populations and regular pesticide spraying. The extra expenditure needed to control secondary pests nearly offsets the savings on primary pesticide frequently cited in the current literature."

(200 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=374)

Ban Bt cotton - A letter to Andhra Pradesh's ag minister (PV Satheesh, AP Coalition in Defence of Diversity, Jun-2006)

Farm-scale evaluation of the impacts of transgenic cotton on biodiversity, pesticide use, and yield (Manda G. Cattaneo et al, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, May-2006) (660 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=365)

Local and Global Elites Join Hands: Development and Diffusion of Bt Cotton Technology in Gujarat (Esha Shah, Economic and Political Weekly, Dec-2005)

In this paper, Shah explores how Bt cotton, advanaced as a solution to the problems generated by the green revolution technological paradigm in India, sustains and reinforces the hegemony of global and local elites. Page can also be found here.

The Story of Bt Cotton in India (Gene Campaign, Nov-2005)
The report contains information gathered from diverse sources from 2001 till March 2005. This in the form of articles, press releases, reports of fields studies done by a number of agencies including the governments of those states where Bt cotton was cultivated these last three years; news appearing in the media and interventions in Parliament. It is available from Gene Campaign as a hard copy and as a CD for $20.

Report of a Fact Finding Team’s visit to Badwani district, Madhya Pradesh (Monitoring & Evaluation Committee and Beej Swaraj Abhiyan of Madhya Pradesh, Oct-2005)
Report of an investigation into the wide-spread problems with wilt in Bt cotton fields in the area

Planting Bollgard cotton is illegal in Brazil (Etienne Vernet, Polaris Institute, Brazil, Oct-2005)
Details legal situation of GM cotton in Brazil as of September 2005.

Changes in Cry1Ac Bt Transgenic Cotton in Response to Two Environmental Factors: Temperature and Insect Damage (K.M. Olsen et al., J. Econ. Entomol. 98(4): 1382, Sep-2005)
Study concludes that changes in temperature and insect damage to the plants have a significant effect on Bt cotton's ability to resist damage from insects.
(255 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=335)

Marketing of Bt Cotton in India – Aggressive, Unscrupulous and False…. (Greenpeace India and the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, India, Sep-2005)
Investigates the tactics used by Monsanto's Indian subsidiary, Monsanto-Mahyco, and its sub-licensee Bt Cotton seed companies to promote Bt cotton among Indian farmers.

(531 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=334)

The effect of high temperature on the insecticidal properties of Bt Cotton (Dehua Chen, Guoyou Ye, Changqin Yang, Yuan Chen, Yunkang Wu - Environmental and Experimental Botany 53 (2005) 333-342, Sep-2005)
Investigates whether high-temperatures may be a cause of Bt cotton's problems with resistance to bollworm in China.
(178 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=332)

Temporal and intra-plant variability of Cry1Ac expression in Bt-cotton and its influence on the survival of the cotton bollworm (K. R. Kranthi* et al., Current Science, Vol. 89, No. 2, July 2005, Sep-2005)
Study by India's Central Institute for Cotton Research demonstrating inability of Bt cotton hybrids to withstand attack from cotton bollworm.
(128 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=330)

Is there a role for Bt cotton in IPM for smallholders in Africa (R.J. Hillocks, International Journal of Pest Management 51(2): 131-141., Sep-2005) (114 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=327)

The Limits of Cotton: White Gold Shows its Dark Side in Benin (Leif Brottem, FPIF Policy Report, Sep-2005) (38 kb)

Cultivation of Bt Cotton - Pakistan's Experience (Dr Abdul Hayee, ActionAid, Sep-2005) (403 kb)

Bt Cotton in KwaZulu Natal: Technological Triumph but Institutional Failure (Marnus Gouse, Johann Kirsten, Bhavani Shankar and Colin Thirtle, Jun-2005)
A look back at the original Reading University study that challenges its conclusions.
(204 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=321)

Pesticide productivity and transgenic cotton technology: The South African smallholder case (B. Shankar and C. Thirtle, Journal of Agricultural Economics 56 (1): 97-116., Jun-2005) (391 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=315)

Costs of Bt cotton production in South Sulawesi province in 2001 season (Alimuddin Musbar, farmer from Bulukumba , Jun-2005)

Bt cotton in South Africa: the case of the Makhathini farmers (Elfrieda Pschorn-Strauss, May-2005)
 This article summarises the results of five years of research undertaken by Biowatch South Africa on the socio-economic impact of Bt cotton on small-scale farmers in South Africa.

Bt Cotton in Andhra Pradesh - a three year assessment (Deccan Development Society, Andhra Pradesh Coalition in Defence of Diversity, Permaculture Association of India, May-2005) ( 2.2 Mo)

New lies, old truths May-2005

 Resolution from Souther Encounters - an international consultation on Bt cotton, 14-15 April 2005, Hyderabad, India

Tanzania gov't looks to Bt cotton to expand cotton area, while country mired in surplus production (Various articles, Mar-2005)

Performance of Bt Cotton In Andhra Pradesh 2004- 2005 (GENE Campaign, Mar-2005)

US: Plant bugs increasing nuisance in cotton (David Bennett, Delta Farm Press, Mar-2005)
Pest managment for cotton becoming a bit of a mess in US. Due to widespread planting of Bt cotton, once secondary pests are now a serious problem, with farmers struggling to figure out how to deal with them.

No Bt Cotton, No Pests! : How cotton farmers are being fleeced (Devinder Sharma, Mar-2005)

The story of Bt Cotton in Andhra Pradesh: Erratic Processes and Results (Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Secunderabad, Feb-2005)
Provides results of three years of study into Bt cotton cultivation in Andhra Pradesh, India

(399 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=280)

Bt Cotton Vs. Non Pesticidal Management of Cotton – Findings of a study done by Centre for Sustainable Agriculture (Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Secunderabad, Feb-2005)
Study of Bt cotton cultivtion during the 2004-2005 season in Andhra Pradesh

(98 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=281)

Bt cotton growers in AP feel the heat: study (Ashok B. Sharma, Feb-2005)
Centre for Sustainable Agriculture study shows that Bt cotton growers in Andhra Pradesh, in 2004, incurred 690% higher cost in pest management as compared to those growing conventional cotton varieties with the help of bio-pesticides and natural control agents.

Indian Bt gene monoculture, potential time bomb (K.S. Jayaraman, Nature Biotechnology , Feb-2005)

Global agriculture and genetically modified cotton in Africa (Stephen Greenberg, African Centre for Biosafety, Feb-2005) (438 kb)

Biotechnology and the Political Ecology of Information in India (Glenn Davis Stone, Human Organization 63:127-140, 2004, Jan-2005)
Case study of Bt cotton in India that looks at how GM crops can contribute to deskilling.

(406 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=263)

The seeds of a bribery scandal in Indonesia (Bill Guerin, Asia Times Online, Jan-2005)

GM Cotton: Corruption, Hype, Half-truths and Lies (Rhea Gaia, ISIS PRess Release, Jan-2005)

GM Cotton that People Forgot (Joe Cummins and Mae-Wan Ho, ISIS Press Release, Jan-2005)

Food Health Bribery (Antje Lorch, IndyMedia, Jan-2005)
In-depth article on Monsanto's attempts to bring Bt cotton into Indonesia.

ISAAA Report On Bt Cotton In India - Success & Failure (Ashok B Sharma, Financial Express (India), Jan-2005)

Production cotonnière africaine - Campagne 2004 - 2005 (Dagris, Jan-2005)
Dagris, le groupe français qui contrôle la plupart des filières de coton de l'Afrique, souligne que les ravageurs ne posent pas de sérieux problèmes cetta année. Selon Dagris, "La pression parasitaire est demeurée faible. L'action des ravageurs ne devrait pas affecter la production, ni en quantité ni en qualité." Cela contredit le raport de le FAO qui estime que le coton Bt apporterait des importantes bénéfices au producteurs de la région.

Monsanto found guilty of offering bribes to facilitate Bt cotton in Indonesia (Various, Jan-2005)
Click on title link for various articles. Click on .pdf link below for the complete SEC complaint.

(30 kb)

Bruce Bond: High Cotton Winner (Elton Robinson, Delta Farm Press, Jan-2005)
This award winning US cotton farmer is not satisfied with Bt cotton and plans to plant more of his acreage to non-Bt varieties in the future. According to farmer Bruce Bond:

"Secondary pests — plant bugs and stink bugs — are eating our lunch. I probably have $90 an acre in insecticide costs on Bt cotton. I think that’s too much, especially when I pay $32 right up front. Next year, I’d like to bump the non-Bt cotton acreage up a bit. I planted my refuge cotton on the worst ground I have, and one 23-acre field of it was some of the best cotton I picked this year.”

L'Afrique doit-elle en prendre de la graine ? (Charlotte Cans, Jeune Afrique - L'Intelligent, Dec-2004)

Genetic Basis for Variability of Cry1Ac Expression Among Commercial Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cotton Cultivars in the United States (John J. Adamczyk, Jr. and William R. Meredith, Jr., The Journal of Cotton Science 8:17–23, Dec-2004)
Study shows that genetic background has a major effect on Cry1Ac expression in Bt cotton cultivars. It also provides a summary of studies pointing to limitations in Bt cotton's control of many lepidopteran pest.

(213 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=250)

Slide from presentation to meeting of the International Cotton Advisory Committee (L.K. Serunjogi (NARO, Uganda), Dec-2004)
Slide features a chart comparing seed prices and pesticide sprays for Ugandan small cotton farmers versus farmers in South Africa and India growing Bt cotton

(52 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=249)

Cotton insect shifts documented in North Carolina (Cecil H. Yancy Jr, Southeast Farm Press, USA, Nov-2004)

Objections à la demande faite par Syngenta Afrique du Sud (2004) (Mariam Mayet et Shenaz Moola, Oct-2004)

Influence of Pesticide Applications on Pest and Predatory Arthropods Associated with Transgenic Bt Cotton and Nontransgenic Cotton Plants (Men XingYuan; Ge Feng; Edwards, C. A.; Yardim, E. N., Phytoparasitica vol. 32 (3) p.246-254 , Oct-2004)
"The use of Bt cotton did not lead to a reduction in total numbers of insecticide sprays in the course of 3 years because additional sprays were required against sucking pests."

(203 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=214)

Genetically Modified Cotton and Farmers' Health in China (Ferdaus Hossain, Carl E. Pray, Yanmei Lu, Jikun Huang, Cunhui Fan, Ruifa Hu, Oct-2004)

(90 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=215)

Genetically Engineered Crops and Pesticide Use in the United States: The First Nine Years (Charles M. Benbrook, BioTech InfoNet, Technical Paper Number 7, Oct-2004) ( 2.8 Mo) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=216)

Farmers protest in Warangal after Bt cotton fails again (Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Hindu Business Line, Oct-2004)

Paper presented at Kheti Virasat's meeting on Bt.Cotton at Bhatinda on 8-9 Feb.2003 (Bharat Krishak Samaj (Farmers Forum India) , Oct-2004)

GMO Crops: A Cautionary Tale (Pennapa Hongthong, The Nation (Jakarta), Oct-2004)
Article reports on the experiences of Bt cotton farmers in Indonesia

Farmers lash out at 'half truths' (Pat Ivey, Blytheville Courier News , Sep-2004)
Farmers in Mississippi angered over boll weevil eradication programme that forces them to purchase Bt cotton and increases pesticide production costs. Farmers say that, despite the programme, their insect problems are getting worse.

Letter from Bob Phelps of the Gene Ethics Network on the Sydney University report 'A Snapshot of Roundup Ready Cotton inAustralia' Aug-2004
The actual study is available in PDF below

( 1.1 Mo)

Researchers employ genetic engineering: Cotton varieties (Muhammad Ilyas, The Dawn, Pakistan, 8 Aug 2004, Aug-2004)
Pakistan to prohibit foreign Bt cotton varieties, citing disease susceptibility and regulatory constraints. Country wil pursue development of its own Bt cotton.

Objections to the Application made by Syngenta South Africa in Respect of transgenic events for cotton to the National Department of Agriculture, South Africa (Mariam Mayet and Shenz Moola, African Centre for Biosafety, 11 July 2004, Jul-2004) (341 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=143)

"Farmers experience with Bt cotton in China", Powerpoint presentation to the second Conference on Biotechnology for Asian Development, 7-8 April, New Delhi, India (Derek Russell, National Resources Institute, UK, Jul-2004)

http://www.ris.org.in/SecCon/Program.htm

(270 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=138)

Biotechnology and Suicide in India (Glenn Davis Stone Washington U-St Louis, , Jul-2004)
This is an expanded version of a commentary published in Anthropology News, Vol 43 No. 5, May 2002.

(120 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=136)

New studies contradict FAO report and show that genetically engineered Bt cotton fails to benefit farmers (GRAIN, Jun-2004)

De nouvelles études contredisent le rapport de la FAO et montrent que le coton génétiquement modifié BT ne bénéficie pas aux agriculteurs (GRAIN, Jun-2004)

Nuevos estudios refutan el informe de la FAO y demuestran que el algodón Bt genéticamente modificado no beneficia a los agricultores (GRAIN, Jun-2004)

Proliferación de semillas clandestinas OMG de algodón en la India (Agrodigital.com, Jun-2004)

Did Bt cotton fail AP again in 2003-2004? A season long study of Bt Cotton in Andhra Pradesh (Abdul Qayum and Kiran Sakkhari , Jun-2004)
Sponsored by AP Coalition in Defence of Diversity, Deccan Development Society, and Permaculture Association of India

(see also www.ddsindia.com)

(228 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=124)

No Difference Between Bt, Non-Bt Cotton Output (Financial Express (New Delhi), Jun-2004)
Indian Minister of Tourism "hits out hard at the unnecessary hype generated about the performance of Bt cotton"

Key findings from study of Bt cotton in Andhra Pradesh, 2003-2004 (AP Coalition in Defence of Diversity , May-2004)
This is a press release, The full report will be available shortly from this web page or the web site of the Deccan Development Society - www.ddsindia.com

Résultats pour l'année 2003-2004 du Programme GIPD - Mali (FAO) (Programme GIPD - Mali, May-2004)
Le Gouvernement Malien a exécuté entre 1996 et 2003, un projet de formation participative en gestion intégrée de la production et des déprédateurs (GIPD) des cultures à travers les Champs Ecoles des producteurs ( CEP). Ce projet a été réalisé grâce à l’assistance de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture (FAO). Les 375 producteurs de coton qui ont participé au programme l'année dernière ont réussi à réduire l'utilisation de pesticide par 68%, tout en augmentant les rendements.

(207 kb)

Bt Cotton, Again (Asha Krishnakumar, Frontline 21 (10), May-2004)
Article detailing recent studies of Bt cotton performance in India.

http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2110/stories/20040521001408 100.htm

Broken Promises (Lim Li Ching, Institute of Science in Society, May-2004)
Summarises farmers experiences with Bt cotton in Indonesia and India

Bt Cotton Performance Reports from India, 2002 (National Monitoring Committee and respective state governments, Mar-2004)
The reports from the state governments where Bt cotton was planted in 2002 were carried out after news began to emerge of Bt cotton failing in farmers' fields. The reports from the various states back up these findings. The reports from Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat are given below in PDF as examples. All of the reports can be viewed by clicking on the above link.

(33 kb)
(14 kb)

Performance of Bollgard Cotton in 2003 (AC Nielsen study of Bt cotton in India commissioned by Monsanto, Mar-2004) (175 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=123)

Can GM-Technologies Help the Poor? The Impact of Bt Cotton in Makhathini Flats, KwaZulu-Natal (Colin Thirtle, Lindie Beyers, Yousouf Ismael, and Jenifer Piesse, Mar-2004)
World Development Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 717–732, 2003

(150 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=67)

The Bt gene fails in India (Abdul Qayam and Kiran Sakkhari, Mar-2004)
Seedling, July 2003

Sterile moths could spell end for 'pinkies' (Doreen Obermeyer, Casa Grande Valley Newspaper, Mar-2004)
Describes some of the limitations with Bt cotton for pink bollworm control and describes some other methods used to control bollworms

An excerpt from the article "Farmer’s bane" (Tan Cheng Li, The Star, Malaysia, Mar-2004)
This article reviews the failure of Bt cotton in Sulawesi, Indonesia

http://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file...

Part IV, "GM crops: A decade of failure" (Friends of the Earth International, Feb-2004)
Part IV contains case studies of Bt cotton in Indonesia and India, with interviews of farmers that planted Bt cotton. For the full report see:
http://www.foei.org/media/gmdecade.html

(500 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=97)

Primer fallo judicial en contra de la introducción de cultivos transgénicos en Colombia (Germán Vélez, Biodiversidad en américa latina, Nov-2003)
Spanish

http://www.biodiversidadla.org/article/articleview/3866/1/1 5

Bt cotton fiasco: Turning a blind eye (Devinder Sharma, Oct-2003)
BioSpectrum

Bt-cotton productivity considerations from India and China (Diemuth Pemsl, Jana Orphal and Hermann Waibul, Oct-2003)
Presentation to the Deutscher Tropentag Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development, Gottingen, October 8-10, 2003. It highlights some of the limitations with previous studies.
(241 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=311)

India: Scientists Find Bt Cotton Mixed With Other Varieties (Agencies, Sep-2003)
BharatTextile.com

Futile Harvest: An evaluation of India's first commercial Bt cotton crop (Suman Sahai and Shakeelur Rahman, GeneCampaign, Aug-2003) (128 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=109)

Agronomics and Sustainability of Transgenic Cotton in Argentina (Martin Qaim, Eugenio J. Cap, and Alain de Janvry, Jul-2003)
AgBioForum, Vol. 6, No. 1&2

GMOs, Pesticide Use, and Alternatives: Lessons from the U.S. Experience (Dr. Charles M. Benbrook, Jun-2003)
This paper, presented at the Conference on GMOs and Agriculture, Paris, France, provides an overview of US experience with Bt cotton.

Genetically Modified Crops and Sustainable Poverty Alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Assessment of Current Evidence (Aaron DeGrassi, Third World Network, Jun-2003)
Contains analysis of Bt cotton in South Africa

( 1.1 Mo) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=99)

Bt cotton fiasco: Stepping onto a booby trap (Devinder Sharma, Apr-2003)

Bt Cotton and Small-scale Farmers in Makhathini – A Story of Debt, Dependency, and Dicey Economics (Elfrieda Pschorn-Strauss, Biowatch South Africa, Apr-2003)

Bt Cotton Benefits, Costs, and Impacts in China (Jikun Huang, Ruifa Hu, Cuihui Fan, Carl E. Pray, Scott Rozelle, Oct-2002)
AgBioForum 5(4)
http://www.agbioforum.org/v5n4/v5n4a04-huang.htm

GMO brings hardship to S. Sulawesi, farmers claim (A'an Suryana, The Jakarta Post, Jun-2002)
Bt cotton fails in Indonesia

http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20 020601.L03

Agricultural biotechnology: a Case Study of Bt Crops (Robin Jenkins, Apr-2000)
An excellent overview of the development of Bt crops and the problems with resistance developing. "The question that most scientists are asking is not whether insects will become resistant to Bt, but when this will happen and whether there is anything that can be done to delay the process that is now inevitable..."

(212 kb) (grain.org/btcotton/?id=98)

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