Management of Diversity of Local Rice and Organic Agriculture
for Strengthening Indonesia’s Food Security
Yoseph Sismanto 1
Centre of Study and Development of Indonesian Rice (PUSSPAINDO)
1. Indonesia in brief
Indonesia, with a population of 210 M (Year 2000), lies in South East Asia between Malaysia and Australia. It is an archipelago with a size of 11919,440 km2 consisting of 13,000 islands. The five big ones islands are: Kalimantan, Sumatera, Irian Jaya/Papua, Sulawesi and Java. Java, which is the smallest of these islands, is home to almost 70% of the population.
Indonesia is a country with very rich bio-diversity. Within its borders lie 10% of all the flora in the world, 17% of the bird species, 16% of the mammals and amphibians, 12% of reptiles, 25% of the fish the world, and 15% of insects (BAPPENAS 1991, UNDP 1991).
Indonesia used to have a very large forested area, with more than 200 million ha or 30% of the total forest of the world. Before 1965, paddy varieties in Indonesia were diverse. There were more than 7000 varieties grown (IRRI, 1967). However, since 1965, the planting of the local varieties was prohibited. The farmers were intimidated, they also faced difficulties such as destruction of their paddy planted to local varieties, interrogation and even torture if they plant the local varieties of rice. More over, the political condition is not stable. The change in political power cost Indonesia more than 400,000 lives.
With this background, farmers had to accept the new technology that they did not understand and abandoned the technology that they had been using for generations.
When the New Order lasted after 30 years, the condition of the biodiversity in Indonesia is appalling; many species become extinct, such as Java tiger, eagle, some medicine plants, fruits, many kinds of birds. The present forest cover is only 5%. In the paddy fields, many locl varieties became extinct. At present, the are some volunteer organizations like PUSSPAINDO and its network.
Pusspaindo is a private organization that is focused on biological diversity conservation, particularly on rice. Rice was chosen because in Indonesia, modern rice varieties are widely promoted and local rices (about 7000 varieties) are not allowed for planting. If the farmers plant the local rice before (1967), they would be interrogated and punished. Because of this, many farmers had stopped planting local rice for the last 25 years such that many of them had been lost.
Rice is the staple food for nearly 95% of the population of Indonesia as well as Asia. Indonesia needs not more than 25 billion tons of rice every year. Actually, local rice is superior compared to the modern rice. It has better flavour, higher production (up to 16 tons/ha), more nutritious, it can be grown continuously throughout the year, easier to plant and more economical specially if grown organically. Some local rice when cooked can last longer (up to 3 days), and the grains can expand more when cooked (from 1 kg of grain 15-18 plates of rice can be obtained). Some local varieties also have medicinal properties for common ailments such as stomach ache, cough, metabolism acceleration, and others.
Most importantly, local rice is part of Indonesian culture. Our Indonesian ancestors who had grown local rice for thousand years have developed their own technologies that had enabled them to produce high yields for their own use with some surplus. They did for thousand years without damaging the soil, while at the same time developing and conserving their varieties. Java before was known as Jawa Dwipa (Jawa meaning island and Dwipa meaning rice) and it is very famous in the old times because it is a traditional exporter of delicious rice.
In the context of this historical background, many communities who cares about the future of Indonesia, especially on food, bound together to study the traditional knowledge of their ancestors on the natural agricultural system knowing that their future can depend on them.
Indonesia's experience with modern agriculture. The changes in the Indonesian agricultural system for the past 25 years had caused deleterious effects. Among them are soil infertility, new pests and economic dislocation of many poor and food insecurity. Initially, the result of modern agriculture appears to be promising. However, after some years of adoption, the BPPS reported that the productivity of the rice tends to drop: it dropped 2.36% per year in Pelita IV (1990), 1.94% in Pelita V (1995) and in 1998, the harvest dropped up to 6.7% (BPPS, 1998).
Between 1997-2000, the production of the IRRI variety IR-64 using chemical fertilizer dropped sharply by up to 50-60% compared to the production 10 years ago. Ironically, with the reduction in yield, the use of fertilizers had risen sharply from 100 kg to approximately 700 kg and even up to more than 1200 kg per ha. It is a common farmer's experience that after 5 harvests, the farmers will suffer failure at least three times (1999-2001). This was documented in the regencies of Blitor, Malang, Bondowoso, Klaten, Madiun {East Java) and some regencies in West java, Central Java, and the province of Lompung. (Jawa Pos, Malang Pos, and Kompas, September 1999 and 2000).
Despite all the efforts of the government, Indonesia is now known as one of the worlds's leading importer of rice in the world. During the monetary crisis, Indonesia imported 75% of the world's available stocks. This is one of the reasons why Indonesia became one of the poor countries in the world.
Indonesia's rice needs. With a population 210 million people, Indonesia needs 26 million tons of rice each year. This requirement tends to grow by 3% higher each year. On the other hand, the rice production tends to decline by 6% each year (BPPS data). The area planted to rice is also declining. Rice fields in Java decline by 40,000 ha per year {Siswono Husodo- the chairman of HKTI- 2000). Hence, annual production is only about 20 M tons. This is the reason why Indonesia has to import rice from other countries. In certain years, the condition is worse since other countries themselves can not fulfil their rice requirement which also rises.
3. PUSSPAINDO's approach
In all its activities, PUSSPAINDO creates partnerships/cooperation with poor farmers and farmhands. In 1997, PUSSPAINDO searched for local paddy rice variety and obtained one kg of each. The variety was carefully planted by Yayasan Pelayanan dan Pengembangan Masyarakat Desa (The Foundation of Service and Development for Villagers), on a field of 200m2. They were able to harvest 100 kg of rice, which was planted a 2 ha field where they harvested 20 tons. After that they started to develop it on a land of more than 300 ha.
In all its activities, PUSSPAINDO has the following target groups, namely:
a. Groups that are given direct guidance.
The members of the group are farm hands that are usually very poor. There four groups like this with total membership of 120 people. Their fields are rented for them and initial capital is provided. After harvest, they are required to save a certain amount for the cost their, and their members next production cycle.
b. Groups that are given general service
Because of the initial success of PUSSPAINDO, many farmers, farmer's organizations (e.g. the Independence Organization; LSM) and the government, buy the seeds from PUSSPAINDO for planting in their fields. For this group, PUSSPAINDO only provide guidance and technical training. The area of coverage for this group is now 30 ha involving more than 300 farmers not only from Java but also outside Java.
To encourage farmers to participate in the project, PUSSPAINDO conducts meetings at village auditoriums, schools, or other public places to discuss problems and possible solutions. Through this, many farmers became interested in planting rice using the natural/traditional system. There where were many villages that got interested but five of them have tried this production system in their fields covering 200 ha.
PUSSPAINDO's other activities include providing technical support, capital loan, development of the distribution system, strengthening farmer's organization and policy advocacy.
4. The potential of local rice with organic system of production.
Based on PUSSPAINDO's experiments conducted over a period of more than 3 years with 20 croppings in eight locations, the organic system of rice production using local rice can yield at least 10 tons per ha. The cost of production is lower by more than 60% compared with the modern system. With this system of production, the potential production for Indonesia is at least 340 M tones of unhulled rice (total rice area of 17 M ha x 10 tons per cropping x 2 harvests per year = 340 M tons).
5. Problems encountered
The problems to achieving a self-reliant rice production are as follows:
1. Infertile Soil. Continuous cropping had depleted the soil of nutrients. With modern rice production farmers are forced to plant and harvest three times a year. If the farmer successively plant three times a year, the first harvest may be good but the second may be 40% lower while the cropping may be be 70% lower. (Yoseph Sismanto, 1999-2000). The infertile land is also a result of the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers at the expense of the traditional fertilizing techniques. The organic matter content in many rice fields in Java is only 1% (Syaifudin Karama, Secretary Agriculture Department, Kompas , 1999).
2. Pest attack. The main pest is planthopper is one of the most serious pest of rice that can cause total crop loss. The other is rodents that attack rice paddy at least every three years. In Malang, many farmers had become bankrupt because of these problems. They have to sell their rice fields and become farmhands. Others resort to stealing cows to survive and become criminals in the streets or cities. In Malang, many mothers left their families and villages to work abroad, whereas their husbands take care of the children. This is a common occurrence in most of poor areas in Java.
3. The low production due to crop failure. Crop failure is very high. In six croppings, farmer may suffer crop failure at least two to three times. In crop year 1999-2000 in Blitar , Malang, Banyuwangi and others place in East Java, more than 3 M ha of rice was not harvested and many farmers was able to harvest only 10 -20 % the harvest of their usual harvest (Yoseph Sismanto, 2000).
4. High production cost. The increase in fertilizer rose from 100 to 700-1200 kg per ha. This increase the amount needed for fertilizers to sharply increase by 700-1200. The cost of labor has also risen ( at present it is Rp. 12,000 for 4 working hours). Because of these, the production cost is equal or sometimes higher than the gross income of the farmers. (See the appendix: Analysis of Agricultural Business-Paddy).
5. The farmers perception of local rice varieties. Many farmers now equate local rice varieties to high susceptibility to pests, weak roots, long duration and low yields.
6. The government policy against the use of local varieties and organic system of production. The positive results obtained using local varieties and organic system of production had been reported to the government more than three years ago so the government knows that local rice possess good qualities. However, the government is still oriented to modem farming.
7. Funding problems. Despite encouraging results, PUSSPAINDO has difficulties in generating the necessary funds to expand it activities. Many local funding institutions are afraid that if they support this activity, they will be subject to persecution by the government. PUSSPAINDO once received some funds from Yayasan Kehati in its activities. However, this was discontinued because they fear that their donor may impose sanctions. PUSSPAINDO's sources of fund at present are individual contributions and the income of generated by selling their harvest.
6. Activities to provide solutions to the problems
In order to deal with the perception of the farmers about local varieties and organic system of rice production, PUSSPAINDO conducts comparative studies and the farmers are invited to observe the results of the studies. Support from scientists and other NGOs on information dissemination is done.
Changing policies is not easy. A coalition of organic farming had been formed to lobby for change in policy. Results of studies involving the alternative approach to rice production had been provided to both the members of the executive and legislative bodies. The communication system has been expanded through the use of the internet and production of resource materials, e.g. pamphlets, etc.
The rats that can destroy a hectare of rice in one night had been dealt with using a traditional approach. In this approach, the bunds are planted with corns or beans, the preferred food of rats over rice. This and other techniques are explained to the farmers.
Since 1996, Yayasan Pelayanan dan Pengembangan Masyarakat Desa (YP2MD, the parent organization of PUSSPAINDO) has carried out the following activities:
1. Collection of local varieties of rice. The collection has been done in the villages that used to be the center of rice cultivation such as East and Central Java and also some places outside Java. In 1997, only one kg of a local variety had been found and this had been multiplied and disseminated.
2. Conduct of studies on local management of local rice varieties. Studies on the management of local rice varieties had been conducted in East Java (Malang, Pasuruan , Banyuwangi) and in Central Java (Klaten, Kendal, Jogja). The purpose of the study is to document the local agricultural system as regards land preparation, planting, maintenance, harvesting, rice processing, utilization (e.g., medicinal uses), and including the ceremonies and the prayers during rice production. The sources of information/respondents are 100 farmers who are all more than 55 years old. The result of the study is a documentation of the traditional knowledge on rice culture.
3. Organizing Farmers Group. Farmers groups were organized to strengthen the movement. A total of four groups with more than 90 members were organized in Tumpang. After training, these farmers implemented the organic production of local varieties 40 ha of rice field in 1997.
4. Traditional Performance. As a strategy to generate more interest among farmers, a traditional presentation called "Tari Topeng" with the theme "Dewi Sri" was developed and performed at the Tumpang Malang Regency in East Java (the center of rice cultivation in the area). The reaction was very positive. Because of this performance, the Regent of Malang issued an official letter to permit the development of local rice.
5. Establishment of demonstration plots. Seven demonstration plots totalling four ha were established in farmer's fields in Malang in 1997. The demonstration lots serve as a venue for trainings conducted for farmers, NGOs, scientists and staffs of regional and central agriculture departments.
6. Production of multi-media materials. Materials were produced to motivate and educate the farmers. Among those produced were: one video tape (60 min duration), two casettes (180 min duration), one slide set, six rolls of photographs and five leaflets and papers.
7. Conduct of seminar and training. Seminars are conducted at the regional level as a forum for discussion and updating of recent development. Three seminars, participated in by various agriculture stakeholders had been conducted. Similarly, trainings are conducted capacity building. A total of 10 trainings involving 300 farmers had been conducted. The module includes, among other things, analysis of the problems in agriculture and the organic management of local varieties of rice.
8. Consultation Service. Many interested people consult directly or through letters and e-mail. The consultation program gets queries from the local, regional, national and even international community.
9. Information dissemination. Information is disseminated through letters, reports, internet, seminars, individual approach. Targets are farmers, the government, sponsors in Indonesia and in foreign countries.
10. Building relationships and linkages. PUSSPAINDO has established linkages with organic farming groups and even selected government officials. It is also a member of networks such as: Walhi, IFOAM, Indonesia Jaker PO, LSM, Perhutanan Sosial, JKTI, Forum Komunikasi Pembangunan Kota Malang, Peduli Ungkungan Malang, and Jaringan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Jawa Timur.
11. Advocacy and Campaign. PUSSPAINDO continuously advocate for policy change. Campaigns are carried out on the following: values formation, organic farming using local seed and other related issues.
12. Marketing assistance. The partners and the guided groups harvest more than 1000 tons of rice. Assistance is provided through linkaging with consumer groups and active promotion of the superiority of the local rice.
7. Organic rice production system
Outstanding local rice varieties. Local rice varieties such as Siyem Putih, Rajalele and Nongko Bosok were the top yielders and can harvest up to 10 tons per ha or more. Short duration varieties (approximately 125 days) identified are: Genjah rawe, Siyem Putih, Nongko Bosok, and Ralalele. Other popular varieties are Sukanand, Cempo lulut, Sawunggaling, Laut, Genjahrawe, Nongkobosok, Sir Sedono, Cempo Kuning, Kropak, Ketan Tawon, Ketan Hitam, and Ketan Merah. These varieties are very resistant to pests.
The cultural management system is as follows:
1. First cultivation. The soil is plowed deeply and properly levelled. After this operation, 100 kg of leaves and 3 trucks of manure are spread in the field.
2. Bunds. After cultivation, bunds are built at appropriate locations.
3. Preparation of the planting site. The planting site is hoed and ashes from paddy stalks are spread. Forty (40) kg of ash are needed for every 25 sq. m.
4. Seedling preparation. Seeds are incubated in water for 24 hours before sowing (seedlings are called "dringu bawang" until sprouts produce.
5. Second cultivation. About 20 to 30 days after first cultivation. The second cultivation is performed, the filed is levelled and is now ready for planting.
6. Planting. Two to three seedling are planted per hill 25 x 25 cm apart. In the first to days, the plants do not need watering. On the third day, the field should be watered with a maximum 1 cm, the level that should be maintained for 15 days. On the 16th day, the field is drained of standing water.
7. The first fertilization (10 days). Spray with agrios (liquid organic fertilizer processed from 10 kgs of leaves in water) at 2 liters per 100m2 (see the fertilization).
8. First weeding is done at the 30th day after transplanting. The hand tool used is called "okrok" (made of iron measuring 25 x 10 cm with a hole is at the bottom).
9. The second fertilization (35-40 days of age). Agrios is sprayed at 5 liters/100m2.
10. Irrigation. From the 30th to 50th day, the fields will be irrigated intermittently (two days wet and two days dry).
11. Second weeding is done manually (usually by women).
12. The third fertilization (the 60th-80th days). It is done by spraying agrios at 5 litres per 1000 m2.
13. Irrigation (50th-90th days if not raining). In case of rain, no supplemental irrigation is needed. However, if the field is soaked for too long, the field should be drained then irrigated again.
14. Management of rats and birds. Rat trap with baits should be replenished every 3 days until harvest time. Birds could be chased away by using strings stretched across the paddy field.
15. The last fertilization. The fourth and last fertilization is given 7 days before harvest by spraying agrios at 5 liters per 1000 m2.
16. Before harvest, the field should be watered for 24 hours and then stopped.
8. Economic impact
Based on three years of experimentation in eight locations, it was shown that organic rice production using local varieties is economically feasible.
During wet season planting "sol" ('basah' and 'gagang'), the yield of the local rice rice variety Siyem Putih can reach 14 tons/ha. At the price of Rp. 1300/per kg, the gross income can be as high as Rp. 15,200,000.00. Since the cost of production is Rp. 3.500,000.00 (maximum), the net profit can be as high as Rp. 11,200,000. Compared with modern rice farming where mean yield is 5 tons per ha, the maximum profit can only reach Rp. 1.000,000.00.
9. Contribution to food security
It can be concluded that food security can be achieved based on the following reasons: Indonesia has 17 millions ha of paddy field. If the harvest from one ha is 4 ton, the total amount of the rice will be 428 tons/harvest or 856 ton/year.
The total population of Indonesia of 210 million needs a maximum 30 M MT of rice per year that should be produced in 17 M ha of paddy field. With the present yield level of 4-5 tons per ha per cropping season using the modern system of rice production, it would be difficult to achieve such total production. Besides, the paddy fields are also being converted for non agriculture uses. The fertlizer requirement modern rice is higher at 10 kg per month comapred with that of local rice (maximum of 5 kg per month).
In the past, every farmer has a rice barn and every village has a rice bank. This is their strategy as a hedge against future famines. In the traditional system, even those without their own rice field are assured some food because the landless peasants why helped during harvest and get a share of the harvested rice. All these have changed with modern farming where almost all rice is sold, and labor is hired.
In traditional organic rice production system, farmers have control over their means of production, from seed to inputs which are all obtained internally within the farm. The yields are also higher, as shown in the Karangploso village. Politically, the traditional organic rice production system mean means independence for the farmers.
Because of the modern agricultural system, many people in Indonesia by the age of 50 suffer from diseases such as hepatitis, high cholesterol level and other debilitating diseases. Premature greying of hair is very common and girls experience their monthly cycle three years earlier. In the old times, it is common for people to reach the age of 90. At present, the average life expectancy is only 55 years old.
The culture related to rice are also be being preserved and performed. Example of which are traditional ceremonies, women and 'ani-ani' (tool for cutting java rice), 'selamatan' ( prayer to the God), and 'mocopat' (song from Java asking for advice).
10. Contribution to biodiversity conservation
When PUSSPAINDO started the project, it was very difficult to find local rice. It started with only one variety, reproduced it and promoted its planting by farmers. At present, the local rice that has been found and grown are : genjah rawe, siyem putih, rajalele, nongkobosok, kropak, joko bolot, mentik, menti wangi, ketan serang, ketan tawon, etc. The campaign has motivated many f.armers an groups such as LSM to develop local rice in their areas. The extent of the project's influence had expanded to areas such as Central Java (Jogjakarta, Magelang, Purwakarta, Klaten, Solo, Boyolali), West Java (Serang, Bogor), and East Java (Malang, Blitar, Mojokerto, Banyuwangi, Jember, Situbondo, Bondowoso, Lamongan).
11. Lesson learned from the expereince
Based on more than three years experience of working farmers on the use of local varieties using traditional organic system of production, the following lessons were derived:
1. Local wisdom in agriculture can contribute a lot in strengthening food security.
2. Using local varieties can lead to farmer's independence, reduce production cost, promote health and promote the development of local.
3. Using the traditional system of production can enhance soil health (biological, physical and chemical properties) and can enable the continuous use of the land for generations.
4. Globalization system is a serious threat to traditional wisdom. Because of this threat, there is a need to develop local distribution system, build cooperation on just marketing system, and developing and conserving local culture.
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1 Jl.Permadi 26 A Malang-Indonesia
Tel. No. 62-0341-328145, Fax No. 62-0341-586541, email: Yp2md@yahoo.com